PEAJEPS ISNI 0502828001 ISSN : 2789-1941
Vol 3, No 10, December 2023 , pp ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜œ - ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งœ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งถ๎งŸ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎ง”๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎˜ƒ
139
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
)๎˜ƒ๓ฐˆ“๓ฐ ๓ฐœ๓ฐ‰…๓ฐŒƒ๓ฐ“ถ๓ฐผ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๓ฐ‘ก๓ฐ’ซ๓ฐ’ฐ๓ฐ‘๎ฅพ๓ฐ‹ฆ๓ฐ–Œ๓ฐ”ข๓ฐŠ“๓ฐ‰…๓ฐƒ๓ฐˆ‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๓ฐผ๓ฐˆ“๓ฐŒƒ๓ฐ‹”๓ฐ“ต๓ฐˆ‰๎˜ƒ๓ฐŠฆ๓ฐ„’๓ฐ„’๓ฐ„’๓ฐ„’๓ฐ–Œ๓ฐ‹”๓ฐˆ“๓ฐˆฐ๎ฅฟ12๎ฅฒ09๎ฅฒ2023๓ฐ„Š๎ฅพ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๓ฐ Œ
๓ฐกฅ๓ฐ˜ก๓ฐƒ๓ฐˆ‰๎˜ƒ๓ฐผ๓ฐ‘ธ๓ฐ‰„๓ฐŽ™๎˜ƒ๓ฐŠฆ๓ฐ„’๓ฐ„’๓ฐ„’๓ฐ„’๓ฐ–Œ๓ฐ‹”๓ฐˆ“๓ฐˆฐ๎ฅฟ20๎ฅฒ12๎ฅฒ2023๎ฅพ๎˜ƒ
๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งณ๎ง ๎ฆŸ๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งณ๎ฆ—๎ง๎ง ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งณ๎ง ๎ฆŸ๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งณ๎ฆ—๎ง๎ง ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆ™๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งณ๎ง ๎ฆŸ๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งณ๎ฆ—๎ง๎ง ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งง๎งณ๎ง๎ฆณ๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ๎งง๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งณ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ง…๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ
๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งญ๎งฃ๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ง›๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜’๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎งฃ๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณsuhad saleh salmoudi๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ง๎งญ๎งธ๎งŸ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ฆ™๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ง๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎งญ๎ฆญ๎ฆ—๎ง›๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ E-mail address:
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งณ๎ง๎ฆณ๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ง›๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
Suhad.saleh1@gmail.com
๎˜๎ฆน๎ฆง๎ง ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ง…๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ๎งง๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ง›๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆท๎ง›๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆฉ๎งฌ๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งณ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฏ๎ง›๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ…๎ฆณ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎งฃ๎ฆ—๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ง๎ฆง๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆณ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง
๎ฃฎ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งณ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ง…๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ๎งง๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ง›๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎ฆ—๎ฆŸ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ ๎ฃท
๎งญ๎ง›๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งณ๎ง ๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งญ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งง๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฉ๎งฃ๎ฆ—๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งฃ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ…๎ฆท๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎งณ๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฉ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŽ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งณ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ง—๎งท๎ฆ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฉ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆป๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎งณ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆณ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎งณ๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งณ๎งฃ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆง๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ
๎งง๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ง ๎ง๎ฆ—๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ—๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆญ๎งฌ๎ง…๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ—๎งง๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆป๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆ‘๎ฆป๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งณ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งณ๎ง“๎งญ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ง ๎ฆ—๎งฃ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งซ๎ฆ…๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งฃ๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งณ๎ง“๎งญ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎ฆ—๎ฆŸ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆท๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งญ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ๎งง๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ง ๎ง๎ฆ—๎งฃ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆป๎งญ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎งญ๎งฃ๎ฆŸ๎งฃ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฃ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งณ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎งฃ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŸ๎งณ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฃ๎งง๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ง ๎ง๎ฆ—๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งณ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง…๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฃ๎ฆ—๎ฆท๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎งณ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆ—๎ฆŸ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งง๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งญ๎งณ๎งง๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฉ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ง…๎งง๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งญ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŸ๎งณ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งณ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งณ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งณ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งญ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎งŸ๎งญ๎งง๎ง›๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŸ๎งฃ๎ฆญ๎ฆ‘๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆญ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎งฃ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ›๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
Title in English (โ€œThe role of Palestinian universities in achieving the goals of sustainable
development from the point of view of their educational leaders and the Arab American
University as a model.โ€)
Abstract:
The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the study population consisted of the Vice
President of the University for Academic Affairs and the deans and heads of departments at the university,
numbering (35) deans and department heads. The study was applied to a purposive sample of (8)
individuals. An interview tool was used๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘
The results of the study showed the effective role of universities in meeting the requirements of
sustainable development, as the university becomes a source for producing knowledge and information,
disseminating it in society and benefiting from it, by providing qualified academic staff who possess
creative ideas in addition to providing sources of knowledge about the requirements of sustainable
development๎˜‘
The study came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is developing a strategic
vision for higher education institutions that works to achieve structural synergy between them and
societies to achieve a combination that includes integrating the functions of higher education to achieve
the requirements of sustainable development and move to new strategies for learning based on the
perspective of lifelong learning and achieving integration between education. Training and transforming
higher education institutions into research centers and incubators for knowledge industry projects,
especially the software and information technology industry.
Keywords:๎˜ƒ(Development, sustainable development, Palestinian universities, educational leadership)
Doi: ๎ฆญ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆฃ๎ฆ—๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ‹๎งณ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎ฆณ๎งป
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
140
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎ง ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—
๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง€๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆธ๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง—๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งง๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งœ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ
๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฝ๎ฆฎ๎ง๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งท๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆธ๎งด๎งŒ๎งค
๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งŒ๎ง ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง ๎ง„๎งจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ†๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งฌ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฎ๎งง๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆช๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹
๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฃท๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎งฎ๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฎ๎งง๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ
๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ›๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฃท๎งŒ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ง‹
๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎งป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฃท๎งŒ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ›๎ฆ„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งจ๎ฃท๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ
๎ฃฌ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง”๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃญ๎ฆช๎งด๎ง˜๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ง ๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎ง˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งจ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆธ๎งง๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซWim Lambrecht's, 2016:125)๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งŒ๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘
๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งœ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ ๎ฃท
๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
Daniela M. Salvioni Simon Franzoni and Raffaella Casssano,2017:1)๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งง๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎ง›๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งค๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง›๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ๎ฃฌ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งง๎งธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งด๎งœ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ง ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ
๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งจ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎งป๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
141
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง ๎ง„๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งŒ๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎งญ
๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆถ๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆธ๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎งด๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง›๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งจ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ
๎ฃฌ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜Œ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆœ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎งผ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆธ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ง€๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ
๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ง ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ
๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎˜ƒ
๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งป๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎ฆŒ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฝ๎ฆฎ๎ง๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งœ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งท๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆธ๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งฃ
๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆœ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งบ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎ฆ—
๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งฑ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฎ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆŒ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆœ๎ฆ’๎งจ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฃฎ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฎ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฎ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎งฒ๎ง ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆธ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งค๎งœ๎ฆ—
๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
142
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—
๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งจ๎ฃท๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ง ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆณ๎งธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎งด๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎ง›๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ†๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งฃ
๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎ฆง๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎งฎ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎งท๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎ฆง๎ฆ†๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃญ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง„๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ง ๎งค๎ง›๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง€๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆซ
๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎งˆ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งจ๎ง ๎งŸ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆœ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜’๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎งค๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง—๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฎ๎งง๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆฐ๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“ ๎ฃท
๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งฃ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ
๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง„๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฌ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎ฆด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎ฆ‘๎งฎ๎ง ๎ง„๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ†๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งจ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ฆด๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง“ ๎ฃท
๎ฆฎ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งค๎ฆฟ
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ฆด๎งด๎ง‹๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
143
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎ฆง๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎ง˜๎งณ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚Palestinian Universities๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆบ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ง๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŽ๎ง ๎ฆ’๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ
๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎งด๎ง—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆช๎งจ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งด
๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งˆ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎ฆท๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎งฎ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎งจ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎งจ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งด๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฉ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง›๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๏‡Œ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
http://www.aaup.edu.com๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎ฆ…๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง›๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ›๎ฆ„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ
๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง—๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งฌ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆญ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง
๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง˜๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎ฆ…๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎งจ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งฒ๎ง˜๎ง„๎งจ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎ฆ…๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งŒ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งจ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎งผ๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง€๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎งค๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งฌ๎งˆ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎ฆ ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง€๎งด๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆธ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎ฆ’๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งค๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎ฆ—
๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆฌ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งธ
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง›๎งผ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
144
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฝ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎ง๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งฃ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง€๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚
๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฃท๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜”๎˜™๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งด๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งบ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎งผ๎ง˜๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆฟ๎ฆญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งจ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜
๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฆ๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎ฆ†๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งป๎งญ๎ฆƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฉ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งจ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆ˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›
๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ›๎ฆ„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งง๎งฎ๎งœ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆ‘
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆBeat ,2008, p180๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฝ๎ฆญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง›๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎งด๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆญ
๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆธ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฝ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง—๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง…๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งผ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งณ
๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งฌ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ง๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ
๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ฆ›๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎งด๎ง ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ ๎งก๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆ›๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค
๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง…๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ
๎ฆธ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฃญ๎งช๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง—๎ฆญ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆ’๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ
๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎ฆ ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งง๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งจ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎งผ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎งด๎งจ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃญ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง˜๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ฆผ๎งด๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”
๎˜‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ
๎ง›๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค
๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
145
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฃท๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆผ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฃท๎งด๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฃท๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ‡
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎งฎ๎ง›
๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ฃท๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ‘๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฃท๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎งผ๎ฆง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ
๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฌ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎ฆด๎ฆฃ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง›๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งœ๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งญ
๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งด๎ฆผ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งœ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆบ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎ฆด๎ฆฃ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง€๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งณ๎งญ
๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆด๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ
๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆด๎งด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜™๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งง๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฝ๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งœ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆฎ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง›๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฃท๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎ง˜๎งณ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎งด๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆฃ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งจ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ง ๎งค๎ง›๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›
๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ‰๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ง‹๎ฆช๎งณ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎ง›๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งณ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘
๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฃท๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง“๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎งท๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆฉ
๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎ง›๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งค๎ง€๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง€๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚
๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฃท๎งŒ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง˜๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งœ๎ง ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง˜๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
146
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง›๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งด๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฃท๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง
๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งฎ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง”๎งœ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆฟ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”
๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ‰๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎˜๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฌ๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡
๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งจ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆค๎งจ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งค๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ง–๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งณ๎ฆช
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆฃ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งœ๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ
๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ง›๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆš๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง…๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง˜๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ
๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งง๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งง๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งจ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎งด๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆฒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งฌ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆœ๎งค๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งด๎ง—๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎ฆจ๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎งป๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ‘๎ฆซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎ฆ ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ง”๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งผ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ
๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ
๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜
๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜
๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎งด๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ง”๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎ง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎ฆ ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง—
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
147
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—
๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆป๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎ง ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง…๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง…๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งบ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฃท๎งŒ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง”๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฃท๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งญ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งค๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—
๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งง๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง‘ ๎ฃท
๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ง๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งช๎ฆ˜๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งœ๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งซ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งง๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆFrance,2007๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฌ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งŒ๎ง ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งผ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎ฃท๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ 
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—
๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง—๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‰๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งง๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งจ๎งด๎ง“
๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎งท๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ง ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ
๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‰๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆˆ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‰๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง›๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง›๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง ๎ง„๎งฃ
๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃญ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎งญ๎งผ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง…๎˜ƒ ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆค๎งจ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ
๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ง€๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆญ๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆAAUP๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽCSU๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎งท๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆช๎งจ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎งฎ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜“๎งง๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฉ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง›๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜˜๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŽ๎ง ๎ฆ’๎งณ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆฎ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งค๎ง€๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง€๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃญ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งญ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆฐ๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆด๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎งผ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ŒISO9001:2015๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฃท๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ‚๎ฆธ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ„๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
148
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง˜๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง€๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ
๎˜‘๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง…๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎ง”๎งจ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎งธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎งž๎งœ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง”๎ง…๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งจ๎ฃท๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฃท๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง“
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎งด๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง—๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆธ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆผ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŒ
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง€๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง€๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งฃ๎งต๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎งด๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎ง“๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ
๎งด๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง†๎ง”๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฅ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง›๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎งผ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆฐ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”
๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎งผ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ
AAUP๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งœ๎ง ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งœ๎ง ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง‹๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งง๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฌ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง›๎ฆ†๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง„๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ง ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆป๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งฌ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งญ
๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ
๎˜‘๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆ…๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฃท๎งŒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—
๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ง›๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆป๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งค๎ง€๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ 
๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆป๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆด๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ง„๎ฆธ๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎งค๎ง›๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งฃ
๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ง€๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎งผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎งˆ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฅ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งŸ๎ฆฌ๎ง›๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฃฏ๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งŒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆธ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง“๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
149
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง“๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฐ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎งฎ๎งŒ๎งค
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งง๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฎ๎งฌ๎ง…๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹
๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆป๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง˜๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎งž๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆฃ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง›๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง๎˜ƒ ๎ฆž๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘
๎˜‘๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎งผ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆธ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ
๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•a โ‰ค o,05๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ›๎งผ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆ’๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฉ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆฏ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ง€๎ง‹
๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜๎˜—๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹a โ‰ค o,05๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎ฆ•๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง“
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎งท๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎งญ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ›๎งผ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆป๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง‹๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ฆค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฆ๎งด๎ฆณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฏ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง
๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งผ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง“๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งŒ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆฎ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“
๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆผ๎ง ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ
๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ง–๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ ๎ฃฌ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ ๎งฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
150
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒPeterson).๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ง”๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง”๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎ฆค๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง“๎ฆช๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ
๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฎ๎งฌ๎ง…๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ„๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎งˆ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆป๎งญ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฝ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง“๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งด๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆง๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งจ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฅ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ง–๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆค๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง˜๎ง”๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆธ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งž๎ฆป๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง˜๎ง”๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›
๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งผ๎ง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งผ๎ง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งค๎งœ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฌ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆธ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ ๎ฃท
๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŽ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘๎งข๎ฆด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
151
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง˜๎ฆ’๎ง๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง—๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆธ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง—๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—
๎˜๎งข๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งต๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎งฎ๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆท
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งป๎งฎ๎ฆป๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งค๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งˆ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆด๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆŒ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งด๎งจ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—
๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆŒ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง”๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆป๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆช๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆŒ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆŒ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎ง‹
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ
๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งฌ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆด๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง€๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งจ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฉ๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎ฃฎ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง€๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆช๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ1๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง“๎ฆญ
๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฃฏ๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งช๎ฆ—๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—
๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆช๎งจ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง”๎ฆค๎ฆ—
๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
152
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง”๎ฆค๎ฆ—
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ง’๎งด๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎ฆจ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง›๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎งน๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งœ๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ
๎ฆš๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ฆš๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎งข๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งผ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ฆ‹๎งผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆป๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
153
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜—๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎งข๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ง€๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŒ๎ง“๎ฆช๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ง‹๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง”๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ‚๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง—๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง ๎งด๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง„๎ง„๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎งด๎ฆณ
๎˜‘๎งข๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งฃ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งค๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งง๎งฎ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜˜๎ฆฒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎งข๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
154
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎ง‰๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆธ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฌ๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎งก๎ฃฏ๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ
๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง”๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง“๎ฆญ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜…
๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง”๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎ง—๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งจ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎ฆ—
๎งฆ๎งณ๎ฃท๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆช๎งจ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง—๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ‹๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ—๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง…๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งœ๎งŒ๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ˜
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—
๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งœ๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎ฆจ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎งจ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆฐ๎งด๎งด๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎ฆŽ๎งง๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ง›๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง…๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ
๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ›๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง ๎ง„๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งป๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—
๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งœ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎งผ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ
๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง”๎งด๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎ฆ‡๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ„๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง‹๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜Œ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
155
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎ฆธ๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ
๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎งด๎ฆ’๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฃฌ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆต๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งญ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง›๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ง€
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜…๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎งผ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง˜๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งด๎ฆฃ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜”๎˜™๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ฆ‹๎งผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งผ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆป๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜”๎˜—๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง†๎ฆฃ๎งผ๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ›๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฌ๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆญ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎ง‹
๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ›๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆป๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ
๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆบ๎ง ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งŒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎งด๎ฆณ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งข๎งซ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜—๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎งผ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง”๎ฆด๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งด๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งฃ๎ฆ„๎ฆ—๎งญ
๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งค๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ง€๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆ ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งŒ๎ง“๎ฆช๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งผ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆฃ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ง‹๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งŒ๎ฆฟ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง ๎งด๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ฆ‚๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ง—๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆค๎งŸ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง„๎ง„๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งซ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง”๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง‹๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง™๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ‡๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎ฃฌ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ
๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งฌ๎ง”๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฏ๎งผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜”๎˜œ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ง”๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ
๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง›
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ
๎˜Œ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜…๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆฎ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฆผ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งด๎ง๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ˆ
๎˜‘๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ›๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆœ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆป๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ
๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆท๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ง”๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งด๎งค๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆฎ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ—๎ฆ‡๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ง‹
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆผ๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎งด๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎ง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆด๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎ฆจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆณ๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆธ๎ฆ‘
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆฟ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ง„๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งผ๎ง๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
156
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ง๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งก๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ
๎˜‘๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆค๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งผ๎ง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆฟ๎งน๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆง๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฃฑ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆœ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ฆ˜๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎งฎ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆฟ๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ง ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆ‘
๎งด๎ง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆฎ๎งฌ๎ง…๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งด๎งค๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆฌ๎งซ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง˜๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆ’๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎ง”๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งจ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆฎ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎™‚
๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฌ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ง“๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งซ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งซ๎งป๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ง“๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆœ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆป๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆฟ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆธ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎งด๎งŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งจ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งด๎งจ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งค๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง’๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ง…๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฃท๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎ฆท๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งง๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฃท๎งŒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง‹๎ฆฉ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎ฆด๎งจ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‚๎ฆ‘๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎งผ๎ง๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งผ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งค๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง€๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งช๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง‹๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆœ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆŸ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎งฎ๎งจ๎งœ๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ
PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎งŠ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฃฑ๎งป๎งญ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง˜๎ง ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎งœ๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆด๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ˜๎งณ๎˜™๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎งข๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆก๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎งซ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งœ๎ง ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฒ๎ง”๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜—๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฎ๎งง๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง ๎งด๎งŒ๎ง”๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆ’
๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆฐ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
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PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฆ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎ฆด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง˜๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งด๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎ฆด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎งด๎ง ๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งณ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆผ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ง‹๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ง‹๎งฎ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ๎งผ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง‹๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎งœ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฒ๎งค๎ฆท๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งจ๎งด๎ฆด๎ฆค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งฒ๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ‘๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งณ๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎งฎ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งž๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜—๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜™๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ๎งด๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆ—๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งฃ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฑ๎งฎ
๎˜Œ๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฉ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆผ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งซ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆธ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎ง™๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งง๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆด๎งด๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง€๎ง‹๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎งฎ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜—๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งณ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆฃ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง”๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งซ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎งš๎ง ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งœ๎ง ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜•๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆช๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆณ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆง๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜…๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ง—๎ฆญ๎ฆฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง€๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆช๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎ง„๎ง ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งจ๎ง„๎ง ๎ฆด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง˜๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ฆ’๎งŒ๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฌ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ง—๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งฎ๎งฃ๎ฆ„๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜—๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆด๎ง—๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฉง๎ฆณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งˆ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง„๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งœ๎งฃ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งฌ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎งฎ๎ฆฟ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งŒ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งœ๎ง ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งฌ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ง๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งง๎งน๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎ฆผ๎ฆ—
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฒ๎งค๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง”๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ๎งณ๎ฆซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง€๎งด๎ฆ’๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆฌ๎งด๎ง”๎งจ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งซ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ›๎ฆƒ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ ๎งด๎ฆ—๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎งท๎ฆ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎ฆผ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งด๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ง–๎ง“๎งฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆ‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งง๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งˆ๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‚๎ฆณ๎งญ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜…๎งฅ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎ฆป๎ฆŽ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฏ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎งฌ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ง„๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ฆค๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฆ๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งœ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆต๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง—๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆช๎งด๎งค๎ฆฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ง€๎ฆง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งณ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆช๎ง˜๎ฆ—๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆช๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎งผ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งช๎ฆ’๎งซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง‹๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งช๎ง ๎ฆ’๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ง•๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆฟ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎ง ๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆ…๎ฆญ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ
๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎ง”๎ง„๎ฆผ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆช๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆ‘๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆง๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฒ๎งง๎งฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฐ๎ฆด๎งด๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆต๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎ฆŽ๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง”๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฏ๎ฆช๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งž๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งŒ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆพ๎งŒ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ง“๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฎ๎งด๎ฆผ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฐ๎ง›๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ‹๎ฆ๎ฆฐ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ฆจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆธ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ง ๎งฌ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง„๎งด๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฐ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆช๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง—๎ฆญ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฆ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ฆ˜๎ฆฃ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ’๎ง ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งง๎งญ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งœ๎งŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆฒ๎ง ๎ฆ‘๎ฆŽ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง—๎ฆฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎งฒ๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆก๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งจ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฏ๎ฆฎ๎ฆด๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆต๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ™๎งฎ๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆต๎ฆฎ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜—๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฑ๎ฆŽ๎งจ๎งณ๎ฆ‡๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎ฆณ๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งค๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งง๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ง›
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง’๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งจ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง ๎ง›๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎ฆน๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜‘ http://search.manduma.com ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜–๎˜“๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎งค๎ง ๎ฆณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆณ
๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
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PEA Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences (Palestinian Educators Association)
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆช๎งค๎ฆค๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎ฆ˜๎ง”๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆฉ๎งฎ๎ฆ ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆ˜๎ง—๎งผ๎ง‹๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
http://journals_ekb.eg/article ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎ง“๎ฆ๎งฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ–๎ฆ’๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜•๎˜š๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎ฆณ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆญ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆช๎ฆ’๎ง‹๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ๎งฎ๎ง˜๎งŒ๎งณ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆœ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฉ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎งœ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฑ๎ฆฎ๎ฆธ๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง๎ฆŽ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฑ๎ฆƒ๎ฆญ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆž๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งฃ๎งผ๎ฆณ๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆท๎˜ƒ๎ฆฏ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜‘๎ฆ”๎ฆŒ๎งด๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŸ๎งญ๎ฆช๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎ฆผ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆญ๎งฎ๎งฌ๎งค๎ฆŸ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฑ๎งฎ๎งจ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎ง˜๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜‘๎งก๎งฎ๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜ƒ๎˜Œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฏ๎ฆ๎ฆญ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎ฆ—๎ฆ†๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆ ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹
๎˜‘๎ฆฒ๎งง๎งฎ๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฒ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎ง๎งฎ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆš๎ฆค๎ฆ’๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎™‚๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆฒ๎งณ๎ฆญ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ‘๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งฒ๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆข๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ http://search. manduma .com๎ฆฉ๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ฆณ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งด๎งจ๎ฆ›๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆฉ๎ฆ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎ฆฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ’๎ฆป๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ฆณ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎ฆด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎งฎ๎งœ๎ฆด๎งง๎งฎ๎งด๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎ฆ”๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎ง ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎ง ๎งŸ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆช๎ฆค๎ฆ˜๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งค๎งˆ๎งจ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งž๎ฆŸ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎งข๎งด๎ง ๎งŒ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง“๎ฆŽ๎ง˜๎ฆœ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ง‹๎ฆŽ๎งค๎ฆ˜๎ฆŸ๎งป๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งฅ๎งญ๎ฆ†๎ฆธ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‰๎ฆŽ๎ง„๎ง—๎˜ƒ๎ฃฌ๎ง‚๎งด๎ง„๎ฆจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ“๎ฆญ๎ฆ๎ฆฏ๎งญ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‚๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎ฆฐ๎งด๎ง ๎ฆ ๎งง๎งน๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎งŠ๎ฆŸ๎ฆ๎ฆฎ๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎˜๎ฆŽ๎งด๎งง๎ฆŽ๎ฆ›๎˜ƒ
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๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
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Retrieved 5/30/2032 at six in the morning๎˜‘
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๎˜ƒ๎ฆฎ๎งˆ๎งง๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฌ๎ฆŸ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎งฆ๎งฃ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งฃ๎ฆ๎ฆช๎ฆ˜๎ฆด๎งค๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งค๎งจ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ง‘๎ฆ๎ฆช๎งซ๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ง–๎งด๎ง˜๎ฆค๎ฆ—๎˜ƒ๎งฒ๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งจ๎งด๎ง„๎ฆด๎ง ๎ง”๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆŽ๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆญ๎งญ๎ฆฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜…
๎˜ƒ๎ฆ•๎ฆ๎ฆฉ๎ฆŽ๎งด๎ง˜๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜‘๎˜…๎ฆŽ๎ฆŸ๎ฆซ๎งฎ๎งค๎งง๎ฆƒ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎งœ๎งณ๎ฆฎ๎งฃ๎งท๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งด๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎งŒ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งŒ๎งฃ๎ฆŽ๎ฆ ๎งŸ๎ฆ๎งญ๎˜ƒ๎ฆŽ๎งฌ๎งด๎ง“๎˜ƒ๎ฆ”๎งณ๎งฎ๎ฆ‘๎ฆฎ๎ฆ˜๎งŸ๎ฆ
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